Purpose: Right-sided colon cancer (RCC) and left-sided colon cancer (LCC) differ in features and outcomes because of variations in embryology, epidemiology, pathology, and prognosis. This study seeks to identify key factors impacting patient survival through Bayesian modelling. Methods: This study retrospectively analysed data entered into the Cabrini Monash colorectal neoplasia database, covering patients who underwent CRC surgery from January 2010 to December 2021. Patients over 18 years old with a diagnosis of CRC who had undergone surgery were included. Patient data on demographics, perioperative risks, treatment, mortality, and survival were collected. Statistical analyses were performed to identify factors affecting overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS). Results: This study involved 2,475 patients, with 58.7% having RCC and 41.3% having LCC. RCC patients had a notably higher mortality rate, and their OS rates were slightly lower than those with LCC (P<0.05). When considering stages I-IV, RCC consistently exhibited worse OS and RFS than LCC (P<0.05). Other factors like age, BMI, ASA score, cancer stage, and comorbidities also demonstrated significant associations with OS and RFS. Poor and moderate differentiation, increased lymph node yield, and organ resection were linked to lower survival while receiving chemotherapy; higher BMI levels and elective surgery were associated with better survival (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Our study reveals key differences between RCC and LCC, emphasising the impact of factors like age, BMI, ASA score, cancer stage, and comorbidities on patient survival. LCC patients generally have better outcomes. These findings inform personalised treatment strategies for CRC patients.