Cystoscopy, a speciality defining diagnostic tool in urology, has a rich history spanning over a century, marked by significant advancements in technology and technique. The genesis of cystoscopy can be traced back to the early 19th century with the invention of the "lichtleiter" (light conductor) by Philip Bozzini in 1806. This rudimentary device, utilizing candlelight to examine internal cavities, laid the groundwork for endoscopic procedures. A significant advancement in cystoscopy occurred in the late 1870s when German urologist Maximilian Nitze introduced the first practical cystoscope with an optical lens system and external light source, greatly improving bladder visualization. In the early 20th century, improvements in electric lighting and optics further advanced cystoscopy. The 1960s saw the introduction of cold light cystoscopy by Hopkins and Karl Storz, enhancing visibility while minimizing heat-related injuries. Today's cystoscopes, equipped with digital imaging and flexible fiber-optic technology, allow for minimally invasive, more comfortable procedures with higher diagnostic accuracy. Today, cystoscopy remains an indispensable tool in urology, with ongoing innovations focusing on improving optical quality, reducing discomfort, and integrating diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. This journey from Bozzini's primitive light conductor to today's sophisticated digital cystoscopes highlights a remarkable evolution in medical technology, significantly impacting the field of urology and patient care. Ref: Samplaski MK, Jones JS. Two centuries of cystoscopy: the development of imaging, instrumentation and synergistic technologies. BJU Int. 2009