Since the 1800’s, thyroid surgery has transformed considerably from a surgery fraught with high mortality and morbidity, to now being associated with little risk in the modern era. In the early to mid-20th century, a transformative shift occurred with advent of safer anesthesia and the development of novel surgical approaches. Throughout Australia, surgeons began to embrace these advancements, which eventually led to development of minimally invasive techniques and the high standardization of thyroid procedures; especially for disease such as Graves and toxic multi-nodular goiter. In addition, collaborative efforts between surgeon and endocrinologist enabled the refinement of perioperative assessment and postoperative care, thereby leading to a significant reduction in the previous perils of thyroid surgery, which included major hemorrhage, infection, laryngeal nerve lesions and hypocalcemia.Towards the end of the 20th century, the field witnessed a major surge in thyroid research, which was pivotal in fostering a new and improved understanding of thyroid disease and its associated surgical management. Research began introducing and incorporating facets from different medical fields like radiology and pathology, turning this once dangerous operative task into an evolved multidisciplinary endeavor with reduced risk and increased patient health outcomes. The historical journey of thyroid surgery in Australia has been distinguished by a commitment to continual improvement in patient centered care and joint research, stationing the nation at the forefront of global innovations in thyroid surgical practices and management. Nevertheless, surgeons must strive to improve patient care and outcomes.